Anatomy: Eyes and the Human Optical System, Images by Wernher Krutein and PHOTOVAULT

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The Remarkable Eye!

The Human Eye is roughly spherical in shape. The remarkable human eyeball contains the Retina, a layer of nerve tissue made up of millions of light receptors, and all of the structures needed to focus light on to it. The Sclera, the tough outer shell of the eyeball, is composed of dense fibrous tissue; a segment of the sclera, the Cornea is modified to allow light to pass into the eye and to aid in focusing. The eyeball is filled with a transparent jelly-like material, the Vitreous Humor, which maintains its spheroidal shape.

Immediately beneath the scelra is an underlying vascular layer, Choroid, which supplies the nutrients to all parts of the eye and which also contains the ciliary body, a muscular structure that alters the shape of the lens in focusing. Within the choroid lies the retina, the scleral surface on exposed areas of the eye is covered with a mucous membrane, the Conjunctiva, which protects the eye from becoming dry. The transparent Cornea, where the focusing process begins, is curved to a much greater extent than the rest of the eyeball. Behind the cornea is the Anterior Chamber, filled with a watery fluid called the Aqueous Humor, and the Iris, a muscular curtain that opens and closes to regulate the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil, and opening at the iris' center. The aqueous humor flows through the pupil into the Posterior Chamber, a small space between the iris and the lens.

The shape of the lens is controlled by the action of the Ciliary Body, altering the focal length of the lens as needed. The lens focuses an image onto the Rods and Cones (receptor cells) of the retina at the back of the eye. Much of the image is projected onto the Fovea, a structure near the center of the retina where large numbers of cones give maximum sharpness of vision. The receptors record the image and transmit it to the Optic Nerve, which exits from the eyeball behind the optic disc on its way to the visual centers of the brain.

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